Stress and other external factors
First of all, there are several external factors that can imbalance our hormones. Think phytoestrogens in heavy beers, oestrogen-like substances in our environment, isoflavones in soy products, air pollution and BPA in plastic. Often, we have no control over these external factors. Yet we cannot deny their impact on our hormone household.
There is also the influence of stress. PMS is most common in women between the ages of 35 and 45. During this stage of life, a lot of responsibilities come together. We want to be a good mother, a good worker, a good friend and a good partner. That's a lot of balls we are trying to keep in the air at the same time.
These different roles cause increased levels of cortisol. Cortisol is a stress hormone that is evolutionarily very powerful. It increases spare fat storage and lowers progesterone. In the past, these reactions clearly had their benefits. We could use the fat reserves during our response to dangerous, stressful situations. On the other hand, lowering progesterone made us less fertile. After all, getting pregnant in stressful situations is not ideal.
Today, however, these reactions are more likely to cause adverse effects. Stress makes us fatter and our hormonal balance gets messed up. If you know that progesterone creates a positive mood, it is obvious that lowering this hormone often leads to mood swings and negative feelings.
The liver's role for hormone balance
At the second level, insulin resistance can be referred to as a major disruptor. Insulin resistance means that your cells do not absorb glucose as well. You take in this fuel via carbohydrates. You need glucose to maintain your energy levels. So it stays in the blood longer and goes harder to your cells; where you need the energy.
A first consequence of this is that you get 'cravings'. Your body literally craves more energy, even though that glucose intake was already sufficient. Other consequences are that the glucose in your blood will be stored as visceral fat around your organs.
First of all, your liver will become fatty and thus overloaded. Your liver plays an essential role in your hormone management. This overload will lead to less production of the enzyme aromatase, and consequently less oestrogen. As a result, your balance of oestrogen-testosterone becomes unbalanced. This then results in the well-known PMS symptoms. In some cases, this even leads to PCOS or Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome.